Introduction to a Comprehensive Series on Women in Ancient Egypt: Part 1

Queen Nefertari, the wife of Ramses II, depicted in her tomb in the Valley of the Queens. She wears the two feathers, a symbol of the Great Royal Wife, which is also her title inscribed before her. Her name is enclosed within the royal cartouche.

Let me weave you a tale of time long past, a story hidden within the sands of the Nile, where women in ancient Egypt carved paths of strength and resilience. Though often shrouded in the veils of history, their stories now rise, illuminated by the tireless work of scholars who dared to challenge modern biases and misconceptions.

Picture the bustling streets of ancient Egypt—markets alive with chatter, looms humming in homes, and temples echoing with prayers. Here, women were more than ornaments of the royal harem or passive attendants in sacred rituals. They were the lifeblood of industries essential to survival, weaving the fabric of society with threads of food production, craftsmanship, and intellect. Their titles—etched into the annals of history—speak of access to professions as varied as the stars, provided they bore the qualifications.

But let us not forget the layers of power and privilege that shaped their influence. A woman’s visibility in society often hinged on her class, wealth, and proximity to the divine figure of Pharaoh. In times of crisis, history whispered their names louder. Queens like Tetisheri and Ahmose-Nefertari rallied troops to battle during the Hyksos wars, their voices steady in the storm of conflict. Others, such as MerytNeith and Hatshepsut, ascended the throne when destiny demanded, ruling with wisdom and might.

The tale of Sobekneferu, Tawosret, and other ruling queens paints a vivid picture of women stepping into roles traditionally reserved for men. Meanwhile, women of affluence, though perhaps not royalty, left their mark in subtler ways—offering care and resources to the less fortunate, their generosity captured in phrases that mirrored the language of male benefactors.

As the dynasties turned, the New Kingdom brought fresh winds of change. Women began to claim titles that reflected their elevated status at home and in society. They were not merely nbt pr—mistresses of the house managing its affairs—they were equals, addressed as “sisters” by their husbands, a term still resonant with equality in the Arabic words akh and okht. Beyond their households, women became recognized citizens of their cities, bearing the title Ankhet in Niwt, an acknowledgment of their place in the broader fabric of society.

Then there were the queens, goddesses among mortals, who carried the divine burden of producing heirs. The Great Royal Wife, a figure both symbolic and pragmatic, stood as a partner to the Pharaoh, her influence extending into the spiritual and political realms.

This is but a glimpse of their world, a prelude to the chapters yet untold. For the story of Egyptian women is not confined to palaces or temples—it is found in homes, on battlefields, and within the hearts of myths. Join me as we journey through the ages, exploring the lives of these remarkable women who shaped the legacy of ancient Egypt, both within the corridors of power and beyond.

Dr. Hassan Nasr El-Din

Dr. Hassan Nasr El-Din is a distinguished professor of Egyptology at Cairo University, renowned for his extensive research and contributions to the field. He holds a Ph.D. in Egyptology from Lille 3 University / Charles de Gaulle in France, where his doctoral work focused on the complexities of Ancient Egyptian art, architecture, and funerary practices.

Dr. Nasr El-Din has authored and translated numerous scholarly works, bridging the gap between Arabic, French, and international audiences in the realm of Egyptology. His expertise spans a wide range of topics, including the Late Period of Ancient Egypt, wooden coffins of the Third Intermediate and Late Periods, and funerary architecture. His groundbreaking studies have been published in leading international journals, earning him recognition as a thought leader in his field.